Rhinosporidiosis

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🌟 Rhinosporidiosis

Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous disease that primarily affects mucous membranes.

What is Malignant Rhinosporidiosis?

🦠 Etiology of Rhinosporidiosis

Causative agent: Rhinosporidium seeberi

What group of organism does Rhinosporidium seeberi belong to?

❗ Koch's Postulates – Why Rhinosporidiosis Defies Them

Cannot be cultured in vitro ❌
Cannot be transferred to animals ❌

What is another example of a disease that defies Koch's postulates?

🌍 Epidemiology of Rhinosporidiosis

Common in: Southern India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, MP, Andhra Pradesh)
Also reported in: Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Africa, South America, North America, Europe, and Canada

Which disease of nose is more common in Northern India?

🔁 Life Cycle of Rhinosporidium seeberi

Stage	Description
Trophic Stage	Trophocyte (~6–8 µm), vesicular nucleus, divides to form endospores
Sporangium Development	Enlarges to 200–250 µm; contains ~12,000–16,000 endospores; thick chitinous and cellulose wall
Endospore Release	Burst or slow release via germinal pore; carried via lymphatics into bloodstream

Describe the life cycle of Rhinosporidium seeberi.

💧 Mode of Transmission of Rhinosporidiosis

Most common: Bathing in infected pond water 🛁
Also via:
- Droplet infection from cattle dung dust
- Contact transmission through contaminated fingernails

🔬 Pathology of Rhinosporidiosis

Highly vascular polypoidal mass
Histopathology:
- Sporangia at various stages
- Mature sporangium: thick wall, apical pore, filled with endospores

📚 Classification of Rhinosporidiosis

Type	Description
Benign	Localized to mucosal surfaces
Malignant	Disseminated/systemic form

What is the most common site of involvement in Rhinosporidiosis?

👃 Clinical Features of Rhinosporidiosis

👤 Affected Population

Age: 20–40 years
Male predominance (4:1)

💬 Symptoms

Nasal obstruction
Blood-tinged nasal discharge
Profuse epistaxis
Post-nasal drip, sneezing, hypoosmia

🔎 Signs

Pinkish, pedunculated mass with yellowish white granules
Bleeds easily on touch
Does not cross mucocutaneous junction
Other mucosal sites: conjunctiva, lip, palate, larynx, vulva, etc.

Which fruit does the appearance of Rhinosporidiosis mass resemble?

What is the most common site of Rhinosporidiosis in the nose?

🧪 Investigations of Rhinosporidiosis

Diagnostic Nasal Endoscopy (DNE) – identifies site of attachment
Biopsy – confirmatory; shows characteristic sporangia
CT PNS – to assess extent of disease
Staining for parasite:
- Hatchkess-Machnann stain
- Romanovsky
- Bromophenol blue
- Sudan black
- Methyl green

What is the best stain for Rhinosporidium seeberi?

💊 Treatment of Rhinosporidiosis

🛠️ Primary: Surgical Excision

Complete excision with cauterization of base
Laser excision is an option

💊 Medical: Dapsone (used in systemic cases)

What is the dose of Dapsone used in Rhinosporidiosis?

What is the Mechanism of Action of Dapsone in treating Rhinosporidiosis?

🔁 Recurrence

High recurrence even after excision
Due to submucosal persistence
Cauterization helps prevent recurrence

📝 Summary Table

Feature	Rhinosporidiosis
Causative Agent	Rhinosporidium seeberi
Transmission	Bathing in ponds, droplets, contact
Pathology	Vascular polyps with sporangia
Appearance	Strawberry appearance
Treatment	Surgical excision ± Dapsone
Recurrence	High unless cauterized

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